Today I headed up to Graceton to check out the remaining set of coke ovens. Apparently this area has been sold to a coal company and it is going to be stripped in the future. If that's the case, these ovens days are numbered.
The mines at Graceton had two sets of coke ovens. There was this set and another plant a little further north. The other set has been totally reclaimed and there is no indication of any ovens ever being there. Most likely the ovens we visited today were the original ovens at Graceton.
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This 1939 aerial shows the coke plants at Graceton. Even then, the older coke ovens don't look like they have been used for many years. All the action appears to be taking place at the (now) reclaimed area to the north. To add to the confusion, Rosebud is currently mining in the reclaimed section so access is not possible.
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Today we were concentrating on the remaining ovens which are located in the old section. The mines and coke works at Graceton are very old. This was the very first coking operation in Indiana County. The mines worked the Upper Freeport Seam and apparently made a high quality coke.
The following history of the Graceton Mines and Coke Works was compiled by Ray Washlaski and was originally featured on his PA, The Old Miner website. The website was taken down about a year ago because Roots Web and Ancestry.com discontinued the service. In doing so, they robbed our area of a very vital resource. Ray's history of Graceton is very detailed and I think it's very important to keep it available.
1886
By 1886, however, the first stirrings of a future coke industry
were felt a few miles from Blairsville. That year, George A. Mikesell, a
successful farmer, decided to expand his local coal business by building
12 bee-hive coke ovens on his land nine miles from Indiana. Firebrick for
Mikesell's bee-hive coke ovens were made at the Black Lick brickyard by Meldron
and Company.
1887
Once completed, the tiny battery of beehive coke ovens were
charged with local coal, and in the summer of 1887, the first coke made in
Indiana County was pulled from the coke ovens on Mikesell's property. Later,
additional coal to supply the coke ovens was leased from small mines at nearby
Reed. An initial load of coke, sold to the Cambria Iron Company of Johnstown,
proved satisfactory, and soon the plot of ground on which the ovens sat had
a name; the little plant and the surrounding area became appropriately known
as "Mikesell Station."
Encouraged by his early success, George
Mikesell slowly acquired an increasing number of customers for his coke in
the area foundries. But after only a year in the coke business, limited capital
forced him to sell his mine and coke ovens to J. M. Guthrie, Jacob Graff,
and G. T. Kirkland, doing business under the name Guthrie, Graff & Company,
who by October, 1888 had constructed an additional 37 bee-hive coke ovens
near the site of the Mikesell Coke Works.
1890
In ca.1890, ownership of Indiana County's first coke ovens
changed hands again. That year, Guthrie, Graff and Kirkland, having tried
their hands at the coke business, sold their interests to a firm composed
of J. W. Moore of Greensburg, John McCreary, and Harry McCreary. Under the
direction of the new owners, George Mikesell's original string of 12 beehive
coke ovens was enlarged to 15 and "Coke Plant No. 2" was planned and put
under construction. Eventually, the number of beehive coke ovens totaled
202. At the same time, the company owned coal patch town of Graceton came
into existence to house the immigrate coal and coke workers who came to work
at the mines and coke ovens.
Harry McCreary, although not yet 30 years old at the time
of his venture into Indiana County coke production, was no stranger to beehive
ovens. After completing a course of study at the Utica (New York) Business
College, young McCreary secured a position as secretary and manager of the
properties of J. W. Moore, a successful Connellsville coke operator. During
those years, J. W. Moore and his brother owned a large coke plant near
Uniontown. In 1885, Moore began the development of his coking coal
lands in Westmoreland County. At that site, Harry McCreary was given the
responsibility of construction of 500 ovens at two plants known as Mammoth
No. 1 and No. 2. During the building, young McCreary became familiar with
all aspects of the coke industry. In 1889, J. W. Moore sold his
Westmoreland coke facilities to the formidable Henry Clay Frick and H. C.
Frick Coke Company of Scottdale, PA. The selling price was reputedly $1,250,000
surely a testimony to the capability of McCreary's management of the properties.
Therefore, after the sale, Frick asked McCreary to remain as manager of the
plants, and offered an increased salary. Having completed six months in that
capacity, however, young Harry decided to join J. W. Moore, his former employer,
as a full partner in the McCreary Coke Company.
1891
[
from "The Indiana Democrat," Indiana, PA, Thurs.,
March 26, 1891.]
Graceton
Our reporter visited the new and thriving town of Graceton
on Saturday and found the Messrs. McCreary busily engaged in making out the
pay rolls for the present month, for the McCreary Coke Co., putting each
employees money in neat envelopes for delivery during the afternoon. There
is now 150 employees on the pay roll regularly besides some others who work
transiently. The pay roll this month amounts to $6,000 in round figures,
besides the bills incurred during the month at the store.
The entire plant is now in operation with the exception of
24 ovens in the new works, and they will be fired just as soon as
competent and reliable miners can be secured, which will give a grand total
of 190 ovens. Work on the upper end of the new plant will commence
as soon as spring opens, and 60 more new ovens will be built during the
summer.
The first mail was delivered to the Graceton post office on
Saturday. The office will have two mails a day each way.
The railroad gang under the direction of our friend Eph. Eckman
were busily engaged setting the corner stones on the lot of ground donated
by the company for the railroad station. A passenger and freight station
will be erected as soon as possible. The old station at Ransom's has
been moved up to Graceton to serve temporarily until the new station is built.
The water plug will also be moved in a short time so that engines can
take water while waiting at the station.
The McCreary Coke Co. have also generously donated the use
of one of their buildings to Rev. Father Toney, who has taken possession
and fitted it up handsomely with alters, confessional, baptismal fort and
seats for the congregation, and at 8 o'clock on Sunday last, Palm Sunday,
the new church was dedicated to the worship of God, with impressive ceremonies,
the bell was blessed and a number of children baptized. Father Toner
has already gathered a congregation of 150 souls together and proposes to
hold services regularly every Sunday. The Choir of St. Bernard's church
of this place were present, and sung a high mass. Father desires to
acknowledge the many courtesies and kindness he has received from the McCreary
Coke Co. and a number of citizens of Graceton, and especially returns thanks
to Mr. Buttrbaugh for the use of his organ in the church.
A number of new houses will be built this summer by the company,
and the surroundings of all will be improved. It is expected that some
arrangements will be made to furnish a supply of good water, as the well
water is not of good quality and has caused a great deal of sickness.
Before the summer ends Graceton will have 600
inhabitants.
[from "The Indiana Democrat," Indiana, PA, Thurs.,
March 26, 1891.]
[from
"The Indiana Progress," Indiana, PA, Sept. 16, 1891.]
TERRIBLE FIGHT AT GRACETON.
Twenty Huns Fight Among Themselves - Two Huns Hurt and a House Badly Used
Up.
On last Saturday night between the hours of eleven and twelve, the thriving
little town of Graceton was awakened by loud yells from the Hungarian
neighborhood of the No. 1 coke works.
It was soon found that they were in a rough-tumble fight. Pokers and coke
forks figured very prominently in the drama. John Smith was struck a
severe blow on the head with a poker, and, as a consequence, he is nursing
a very sore head. George Gavosky was struck below the eye with a coke
fork and several others were more or less hurt. All this took place
in front of Mike Katkos' house, which did not own a pane of glass or a door
when the muss was over. The Huns didn't leave their quarters during
the fight and no persons except them were mixed up in the affair.
An interview with Mr. Roalley, the manager of the company store, proves that
whiskey and beer was the cause of all this trouble. The Huns received
thirty gallons of whiskey and eleven kegs of beer by freight that evening.
Everything is quiet now, but for a short time outsiders doubted the
safety the town.
[from
"The Indiana Progress," Indiana, PA, Sept. 16, 1891.]
Albert "Led" Oswalt has spent his entire
life at Graceton, and most residents know him best in his role as community
postmaster. "Led" explains that, at first, Graceton was known as "Ransom."
"When the Pennsylvania Railroad went-through between Blairsville and Indiana,
there were no towns at all along the line -- just stations. There was Reed
Station, and Rugh Station, and where Graceton is now, that was called Ransom
Station. So when Harry McCreary applied to establish a post office here,
he put 'Ransom' on the blank, but the application was returned because there
was already a town of that name in the hard coal region. So they named the
town Graceton. Many people believe that the town was named for a member of
the McCreary family, but really, it's a mystery where the name came from.
At any rate, the first post office was established here in 1892, and Harry
McCreary was the first postmaster." Following the pattern of earlier
Jefferson County coal and coke towns, the coal company owned coal patch houses
at Graceton to shelter families of immigrants who came seeking employment.
An 1890 edition of the Indiana Times noted that "there are 200 Italian employees
at the old Mikesell Coke Works."
At Graceton, serious problems with the coal claimed the attention
of the new owners. Graceton coal contained a higher percentage of impurities
than that of its competitors in the Connellsville region. For the first few
months, McCreary made coke with coal just as it came from the mines at Graceton,
but the resulting product was less than satisfactory. In 1894, after several
experiments, McCreary adapted plans for a coal washing plant which cleaned
the coal of much of its slate and pyrites before being charged into the coke
ovens. The coal washing system gave dramatic results, and within a
short time, advertising circulars billed Graceton Coke as the "best in the
world."
In the midst of Harry McCreary's success, tragedy struck.
Late in 1898 the coal washer at the Graceton plant burned. Undaunted, the
young coke producer started over again, and four months after the fire another
coal washer stood on the same spot, rumbling thunderously as it processed
clean coal for the ovens.
1900
On Jan. 1, 1900, the Graceton Coke Works changed hands once
more. On that date, Harry McCreary, having bought out J. W. Moore's share
of the McCreary Coke Company, sold the business to Youngstown Steel Company,
whose investors renamed the plant "The Graceton Coke Company." The property
on the day of transfer consisted of the two coke plants totaling 200 bee-hive
coke ovens, "the best coal washer in the county," company store, and "company
houses enough to accommodate 200 families," and 800 acres of coal lands.
Shortly after the purchase, the Indiana County Gazette reported: "There are
no dull seasons at Graceton. The market for the product is always sure, as
the owners of the plant, the Youngstown Steel Company, burn the Graceton
produced coke in their own blast furnaces, which are rarely idle. The coke
ovens at Graceton are under the management of a skillful coke maker, Colonel
Everhart Bierer. Colonel Bierer received his training as an engineer and
coke man in the Connellsville field. At the two plants, 300 men are employed.
The steel company gives Superintendent Bierer a free hand in the management,
and simply ask for results; and they get them in quantity and quality a coke
unsurpassed anywhere in the United States."
1904
By ca.1904, Youngstown Steel Company had purchased another
3,500 acres of coal lands around Graceton and was building more bee-hive
coke ovens and a newer coal washer plant at the Graceton Mine.
1907
Production at the Graceton Mine & Coke Works in ca.1907
totaled over 143,000 tons of coal, making 87,000 tons of coke in 202 working
bee-hive coke ovens.
When the Graceton Mine & Coke Works was purchased by
Youngstown Steel Company, the small coal company patch town of Graceton was
filling up rapidly.
1908
By ca.1908, the Graceton Coke Company, under the ownership
of Youngstown Steel, was kept busy filling orders in New Jersey and New England.
Locally, the Indiana Foundry, manufacturers of sand-drying stoves and many
other articles, claimed that the Graceton coke was "better than Connellsville."
For nearly 20 years, the Graceton Coke Company continued to produce "low-ash,
high-carbon, low-sulphur foundry coke." Under the direction of superintendent
C. M. Lingle, "business boomed," and "20 large coke hopper cars were sent
out daily."
In ca.1914 business was being done as the Graceton Coke Company.
Output from the Graceton No. 1 Mine and Graceton No. 2 Mine totalled
188,000 tons of coal and 67,000 tons of coke. Employees numbered 290,
of whom 159 of the men and boys were miners.
1909
[from the
"Indiana Evening Gazette," Indiana, PA, July 6, 1909.]
TWELVE YEARS IN THE PEN FOR LOU WILLIAMS
The Slayer of Little Glen Johnston Gets the Law's Limit.
SAME DOSE FOR BOLOSKI
Lou Williams, convicted of manslaughter for killing little Glen Johnston
at Rossiter, was sentenced to pay a fine of $100, the costs of prosecution,
and to undergo imprisonment in the Western penitentiary for a term of 12
years.
Mike Boloski, who plead guilty of manslaughter for killing George Fetset
at Graceton, was sentenced to pay a fine of $100, and the costs of prosecution,
and to undergo imprisonment in the Western penitentiary for a term of 12
years.
[from the
"Indiana Evening Gazette," Indiana, PA, July 6, 1909.]
1913
[from the
"Indiana Evening Gazette," Indiana, PA, Aug. 18, 1913.]
The Graceton Coke Company, Graceton, Indiana county, Pa., has resumed operations
after an idleness of some months during which time a serious fire was being
fought by drilling holes and flooding the mines with water. The mines
produce 200,000 tons of coal from which coke is made and a limited tonnage
of coal sold at low figures, as a rule.
[from the
"Indiana Evening Gazette," Indiana, PA, Aug. 18, 1913.]
1920
In the summer of 1920, the Graceton Coal & Coke plants
and the town of Graceton at the old Mikesell Station were transferred a fourth
time.
A July issue of the "Indiana Evening Gazette" told
the story:
"Graceton Coke is sold to New York Interests: Vinton Colliery
Company, New York City, N.Y., the Graceton plant with all machinery and
equipment, and houses, was acquired by Warren Delano and associates. The
price is estimated to be three quarters of a million dollars. Mr. Delano
(an uncle of FDR) has other interests in Indiana County," and Cambria County.
After the purchase, the name of the plant was changed to Graceton Coal and
Coke Company.
1922
[from the
"Indiana Weekly Messenger," Indiana, PA, Sept. 21, 1922.]
The KKK have made their appearance in Blacklick. On Saturday night
the usual symbol of the order, the burning cross, was seen on the hillside
near Grafton. There is siad to be about one hundred members of the
Klan in this vicinity. There is quite a bit of excitement over the
appearance of the Klan.
[from the
"Indiana Weekly Messenger," Indiana, PA, Sept. 21, 1922.]
1923
[from the
"Indiana Weekly Messenger," Indiana, PA, Thurs., Feb. 22,
1923.]
A. R. Laughrey Killed in Graceton Mine.
Allison Robert Laughery, aged 69 years, son of the late Joseph Laughery,
of Marion Center and himself a former resident of White township, for many
years, was instantly killed in Mine No. 3 at Graceton Saturday afternoon
at four o'clock.
Employed as a driver, Mr. Laughrty was coming to the main haulage with his
l;ast car, he fell in front of the car and was ground to death beneath the
wheels. His body was found a few minutes later by fellow employees.
He was alone at the time of the accident and just how it occurred will
probably never be learned.
Mr. Laughery had been living at Graceton, where he was a steady and faithful
employee of the Graceton Coke Company for the past 25 years. He was
born in Marion Center on January 9, 1854 and grew to young manhood in that
borough. He leaves his widow, Mrs. Margaret Lamison Laughrey and one
daughter, Mrs Harry Coy and these sisters. Mrs. John R. Haight of
Vandergrift, and Mrs. Jennie Butler of Leechburg.
Funeral services were conducted at his late home Tuesday afternoon at 1:30
o'clock by Rev. T. J. Chilcote, pastor of the Homer City Methodist Episcopal
church. Interment was in the Oakland cemetery here.
[from the
"Indiana Weekly Messenger," Indiana, PA, Thurs., Feb. 22,
1923.]
[from
"The Indiana Progress," Indiana, PA, April 25, 1923.]
John Sholik, of Graceton, entered a plea of guilty to the charge of removing
checks from mine cars to defraud. Sentence was suspended on payment
of costs of prosecution, and $25 to the Graceton Coal & Coke Company
in reimbursement.
[from
"The Indiana Progress," Indiana, PA, April 25, 1923.]
1929
In 1929 production at Graceton Coal & Coke Company had
fallen to 126,000 tons of coal, and 33,000 tons of coke. Only 110 of
the 201 bee-hive coke ovens were in use. Employment had dropped to
220 men and boys.
Throughout the twenties, sales of coke at Graceton fluctuated
with the market.
1932
Most of the Graceton Coke ovens were shut down.
1935
By early 1935, only eight ovens were in operation; most had
been shut down since 1932.
1936
"In June, 1936, "Led" Oswalt says, "the Graceton Coal and
Coke Company went bankrupt. In August, 1936, the company's stock was sold
at a receivership in front of the company store. Four men bought the plant;
one of them was Abe Light of Punxsutawney. Then the name was changed again
to 'Coal Mining Company of Graceton.' "For a while," Oswalt continues,
"things were at a standstill; the coal and coke business was really bad.
1940
Then World War II broke out and coke was in demand again.
Mr. Light bought out the other three men and made coke throughout the war
with the plant operating at capacity.
1945
"After the war, the Coal Mining Company of Graceton leased
the ovens to someone else for a couple of years, but the last men to operate
the beehives at Graceton were Smith and Burns, who leased them from the Coal
Mining Company of Graceton. They produced coke for eight or ten years.
1953
Finally, in March, 1953, the Graceton coke ovens cooled off
for good.
During the years of coke production at the
Graceton Coke Works, a second beehive coke operation existed just a few miles
south. In ca.1880, the Indiana Coal and Coke Company was founded by Jacob
and Paul Graff, J. M. Guthrie, G. W. Hoover, John Elkin, and John R. Caldwell.
In the next few years, 24 coke ovens were built on the site and a tiny company
town of six houses was established. Named "Oklahoma," the settlement housed
coke workers from the Indiana Coal and Coke Company plant.
The beehive ovens at Oklahoma were also destined to undergo
several transfers of ownership. In 1902, Harry McCreary again entered the
coal and coke business with the purchase of the Indiana Coal and Coke Company
lands, tipple, and houses. In addition, McCreary purchased 6,000 more acres
of adjoining coal lands. Upon completion of all his transactions, McCreary
sold the entire parcel of property to Joseph Wharton, a Philadelphia investor
whose corporation also owned an iron foundry in Wharton, New Jersey.
By ca.1902, the name of the plant and town had been changed to "Coral" local
folklore says that the name was derived from the statement of a "oldtime
coal prospector." This individual, evidently a far-sighted man, remarked
to an early oral historian, "the coal and clay hereabouts will be as valuable
as Coral."
On acquisition of the Coral properties, Joseph Wharton was
understandably anxious to secure the best management for his new plant, and
persuaded McCreary to remain as temporary superintendent. By late 1903, 300
ovens and 150 company houses stood at the location. His work completed, Harry
McCreary resigned his position with the Wharton corporation; he was succeeded
by Thomas Murray.
(History of the Graceton Mines & Coke
Works, Graceton, Center Twp., Indiana Co., PA, adapted with additional data
from "Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company, The First One Hundred
Years," by Eileen Mountjoy Cooper, formerly of Indiana University of
Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA. Published by Rochester & Pittsburgh
Coal Company, 1982.)
("History of Coke" by Eileen Mountjoy Cooper, formerly
of Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA. Published on-line in
the series "Coal Dust: The Early Mining Industry of Indiana County" by the
Special Collections & Archives Indiana University Library, Indiana University
of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA.)
(History and description of the Graceton Mines, adapted with
additional data from "Indiana County, Pennsylvania: An Inventory of
Historic Engineering and Industrial Sites, 1993," America's Industrial
Heitage Project, National Park Service, Historic American Buildings Survey
/ Historic American Engineering Record, U.S. Department of the Interior,
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.)
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A portion of the 1902 Indiana, PA topographic map showing the two sets of coke ovens at Graceton. The ovens we explored today are the smaller set just below the word "Graceton" on the map.
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Most of the following photos were from Ray's website and most were credited to the Homer City Historical Society. Also, a couple of them I obtained from eBay.
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Graceton Coke Company Mine. Year not listed. This would most likely be the area north of where we were that has been reclaimed.
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Another view of the mine.
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No. 3 Mine at Graceton in 1908.
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Pit mouth of one of the Graceton mines.
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Graceton mining engineer. Year not noted.
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Pit mouth at one of the Graceton Mines. This is very likely the entrance behind the ovens we were at today. When I was walking behind the ovens looking for the mine entrance, I came to an area that looked very similar to this photo terrain wise. The entrance itself is buried but the way these walls make an upside down "V" shape toward the entrance is almost identical to the terrain I was looking at today. The walls are gone but there is a good bit of stone still clinging to the hills.
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Graceton Mine Executives. Year not noted.
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Inside of one the Graceton Mines.
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Pit Mouth No. 3 Mine 1907.
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No caption was attached to this photo.
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Early Graceton tipple. This is most likely the area we were at today.
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This is what is left there.
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Approaching the remaining ovens.
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The front's are all gone but what remains is in fairly good condition.
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This block arch remains but the back of the oven has collapsed.
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The layout here is pretty identifiable. Here, I am standing in the coke yard. The ovens are to the right and the railroad siding is to the left.
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Looking down the railroad siding where the coke was loaded onto the trains.
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Looking at some of the ovens that are in worse condition.
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A big pile of old coke oven blocks.
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A bunch of coke still sitting in the yard.
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This is looking back up. The ovens are on the left and the branch is on the right.
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Railroad siding full of old tires.
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This is the certainly the most intact oven remaining.
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Another view of the intact arch. The back of the oven has fallen in but the front shows a great example of the beehive shape where these ovens got their name.
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Inside the most intact oven.
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This shows an excellent example of how these ovens were constructed. At the bottom the brick remains. At the top all that remains is the clay that was used to help insulate the oven. These ovens were constructed out of brick, when they were done, they were buried with a layer of clay followed by dirt. In a lot of cases, the only thing identifiable about a former coke plant is the out line of the oven in the clay.
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This is a piece of an old foundation on the other side of the railroad siding.
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This appears to be the end of this bank of ovens.
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An old section of railroad track sticking out of the ground.
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Made it over to the old foundation.
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Near the old foundation is a remaining section of the pier wall that would have lined the entire length of the railroad siding.
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The rest of this stone wall was probably carted off to use for different construction. I have no idea why this section was left behind.
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An engraved piece of coke oven block.
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Looking over at Graceton. The Homer City generation plant is in the background.
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A rainbow over Graceton.
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One of the circa 1890 coal company houses at Graceton.
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These two photos are a little further down the road. They show the location of the former Coral coke plant.
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A new industrial park is in the works at one part of the old Coral Coke Works.
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1939 aerial showing the old Coral plant when it was still active. This had to have been a massive reclamation project.
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